WASHINGTON (AP) 鈥� Former U.S. Federal Reserve Chair Alan Greenspan died Monday from complications of Parkinson鈥檚 disease, said his wife of 29 years, NBC 太子探花 correspondent Andrea Mitchell. He was 100.
鈥淭o me he was my husband, who shaped my life from our very first date in 1984,” Mitchell said. “He had 鈥榠rrational exuberance鈥� for baseball, the Washington Commanders, tennis, golf, and music, especially jazz. He will be remembered for his brilliance and his kindness. Being his life partner was the joy of my life.鈥�
In his 18陆 years at the helm of the Fed, Greenspan presided over a sustained era of American growth and prosperity, yet one that ended with , two years after he had left the central bank.
Era of US economic growth
Greenspan was so respected during his many years as head of the world鈥檚 most influential central bank that by the time he stepped down in 2006, he was widely celebrated as the 鈥淥racle鈥欌�� and
He presided over a breathtaking surge in stock prices and a 10-year economic boom that began in March 1991. He was widely celebrated as a virtuoso who nurtured America鈥檚 economic well-being and whose nearly every utterance was parsed for clues as to where interest rates, the economy and the financial markets might be headed.
The intense scrutiny of Greenspan鈥檚 intentions gave birth to new Fed folklore: The 鈥淏riefcase Indicator.鈥� A carried into Fed meetings implied changes might be afoot because Greenspan carried with him charts and research to make his point.
鈥淯nder his leadership, the Federal Reserve achieved a sustained era of price stability that supported economic growth and helped anchor the public鈥檚 confidence in the institution,鈥� the Fed said in a statement Monday. 鈥淗e brought rigorous analytical discipline to monetary policymaking and helped establish the credibility that remains one of the Federal Reserve鈥檚 most important assets.鈥�
US housing crisis raised questions about policies
Greenspan鈥檚 reputation suffered a serious setback, however, soon after he left the Fed in 2006. The American housing market collapsed, igniting a global financial crisis that nearly toppled the U.S. banking system and plunged the economy into the .
Critics pinned much of the blame for the crisis on Greenspan鈥檚 easy-money policies and on what they believed was an overexuberant faith in lightly supervised financial markets.
Greenspan himself later acknowledged that 鈥淚 made a mistake鈥欌�� in assuming the nation鈥檚 banks, whose stability undergirds the financial system and the entire economy, could essentially regulate themselves.
As housing values plummeted, millions of Americans, many of them stuck with outsize mortgage debt, lost homes to foreclosure. The spiraling sent the U.S. economy sinking into the Great Recession of 2007-2009.
The crisis in the U.S. rapidly spread overseas, leading to a debt crisis for nations in Europe. China also engineered a massive government stimulus package to stabilize its economy.
Greenspan became the authoritative voice on the US economy
Until then, however, it seemed that Greenspan could do no wrong. Not only in the United States but across the world, he was regarded with a mixture of reverence and awe. Many openly dreaded the day when he would leave the Fed.
Investors hung on his sometimes inscrutable observations. In the most well-known such remark, Greenspan sent financial markets reeling on Dec. 5, 1996, when he suggested with just two words 鈥� 鈥渋rrational exuberance鈥� 鈥� that stock prices were too high.
Mindful of his power to move markets, Greenspan typically resorted to obfuscation. At times, he even satirized his habit of doing so.
鈥淚 know you believe you understand what you think I said, but I am not sure you realize that what you heard is not what I meant,鈥� Greenspan once told a befuddled congressional committee.
A prot茅g茅 is born
Born in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, the young Greenspan was a math whiz who was trotted out by his mother to show off for visitors.
鈥淚 was a prop at parties,鈥欌�� he said in a 2007 interview with PBS 太子探花Hour. A Julliard School dropout, he worked as a professional musician in his teens, playing clarinet and saxophone alongside the future jazz great Stan Getz 鈥� a humbling experience that persuaded the young Greenspan to seek another line of work.
He pursued undergraduate and graduate study in economics at New York University, eventually earning a doctorate there. For most of three decades, he ran an economic consulting firm. During the 1950s, he became a disciple of the libertarian philosopher Ayn Rand, who stuck him with the nickname the 鈥淯ndertaker鈥欌�� for his dark clothes and quiet bearing. When Greenspan was sworn in as President Gerald Ford鈥檚 chief economic adviser in 1974, Rand stood beside him.
An early trial for a new Fed chair
President Ronald Reagan tapped Greenspan to run the Fed in 1987. He was tested almost immediately. On Oct. 19, 1987, which came to be known as 鈥淏lack Monday,鈥� the stock market suffered the worst one-day percentage loss in American history just two months into his term. The Dow Jones Industrial Average shed 22.6% of its value rapidly for reasons that weren鈥檛 entirely clear then, and remain opaque to this day.
Greenspan won credit for helping restore calm and stability. He assured Wall Street that the Fed would supply as much money to the financial system as was needed to restore calm. Stocks recovered, and the American economy emerged unscathed by the market crash.
Greenspan鈥檚 crisis management skills were tested again in 1997 and 1998, when a financial crisis in Asia threatened to spread economic devastation around the globe. Under Greenspan, the Fed arranged an emergency loan to Thailand and persuaded U.S. banks to roll over short-term loans to a teetering South Korea.
During his tenure at the Fed, Greenspan drew praise for presiding over what was at the time the longest economic expansion in American history. Over that time, the nation鈥檚 unemployment rate briefly dropped below 4% for the first time since 1970.
And inflation, which had bedeviled the United States and much of the global economy during the 1970s, was remarkably dormant during Greenspan鈥檚 chairmanship, something many economists had not thought could occur for so long a period.
During the long boom, Greenspan argued that improvements in technology had made the economy so efficient that it could run faster, at lower rates of unemployment, without unleashing inflation. As a consequence, the theory went, the Fed could keep interest rates low even when the economy was roaring.
A passion for numbers and life
As Fed chair, Greenspan relished poring over obscure economic data, from monthly boxcar loadings to steel production, all in a bid to assess where the economy was going. He would often phone economists at other government agencies to discuss details. He would rise early each morning for a two-hour soak in his bathtub, time that he used to review statistics and Fed staff memos.
Improbably, Greenspan also made the gossip pages as something of an unlikely ladies鈥� man. He dated the television journalist Barbara Walters and later married Mitchell after a 12-year courtship. They had no children.
Greenspan had dated Walters while working as an adviser to President Gerald Ford. According to a biography of Greenspan, 鈥淭he Man Who Knew鈥� by Sebastian Mallaby, when Ford read a newspaper item about the pair, he cut it out and sent it to his chief of staff, Dick Cheney, with a note that said, 鈥淚 don鈥檛 believe it.鈥�
A strong faith in self-regulating markets is challenged
All along, Greenspan held fast to the belief that financial markets could largely regulate themselves. With officials from President Bill Clinton鈥檚 White House, he helped block efforts by Brooksley Born, the nation鈥檚 top commodities regulator, to bring federal oversight in the late 1990s to the shadowy market in over-the-counter derivatives. The derivatives allowed speculators to make bets on everything from the price of oil to high-risk mortgages.
Eventually, history would vindicate Born, not the Maestro.
The low interest rates Greenspan had engineered helped swell housing prices into a dangerous bubble. And the financial deregulation he supported allowed banks and other financial firms to pile up huge risks, often hidden from government supervision. Bad derivatives bets helped sink insurance giant American International Group, which required a $180 billion taxpayer bailout.
The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, which was assigned to investigate the debacle by Congress, concluded:
鈥淢ore than 30 years of deregulation and reliance on self-regulation by financial institutions, championed by former Federal Reserve chairman Alan Greenspan and others … had stripped away key safeguards, which could have helped avoid catastrophe.”
Life after the Fed
In the years after stepping down as Fed chairman in 2006 just shy of his 80th birthday, Greenspan kept busy doing what he loved to do most 鈥� following the economic data. He ran his own consulting firm, Greenspan Associates, through which he dispensed advice to Wall Street clients and collected handsome speaking fees.
He kept up a busy schedule well into his 90s, writing his memoir and two other books on the economy, as well as opining on the latest economic developments on television news shows.
He also signed onto opinion articles and statements defending the Federal Reserve鈥檚 political independence from President Donald Trump鈥檚 ongoing attacks. In January 2026 he criticizing the Trump administration鈥檚 of Fed Chair Jerome Powell. The , which was also signed by two other former Fed chairs and five former Treasury secretaries, called the investigation 鈥渁n unprecedented attempt to use prosecutorial attacks to undermine鈥� the Fed鈥檚 independence and warned it would have 鈥渉ighly negative consequences for inflation.鈥�
Greenspan鈥檚 tenure as Fed chairman 鈥� from August 1987 through January 2006 鈥� was just five months shy of the longest Fed chairman鈥檚 tenure. That distinction belonged to William McChesney Martin, who served from 1951 until early 1970.
In his 2013 book 鈥淭he Map and the Territory,鈥欌�� Greenspan defended himself against critics who assigned him significant blame for the 2008 financial meltdown. He argued that traditional economic forecasting was no match for the irrational risk-taking that can feed catastrophic price bubbles.
鈥淏ubbles go up very slowly as euphoria builds,鈥� Greenspan said in a 2013 interview with The Associated Press. 鈥淭hen fear hits, and it comes down very sharply. When I started to look at that, I was sort of intellectually shocked.鈥�
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AP Economics Writers Christopher Rugaber and Martin Crutsinger contributed to this report.
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